🔎History of surgery :
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment. Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature."
Since humans first learned how to make and handle tools, they have employed their talents to develop surgical techniques, each time more sophisticated than the last; however, until the industrial revolution, surgeons were incapable of overcoming the three principal obstacles which had plagued the medical profession from its infancy— bleeding, pain and infection. Advances in these fields have transformed surgery from a risky "art" into a scientific discipline capable of treating many diseases and conditions.
🔎Ancient surgery :
The history of dental and surgical procedures reaches back to the Neolithic and pre-Classical ages. The first evidence of a surgical procedure is that of trephining, or cutting a small hole in the head.
Surgery in Ancient India :
🔎Sushruth : the ancient Indian surgeon :
Sushruta, or Suśruta was an ancient Indian physician and world's first plastic surgeon known as “Father of Surgery” , “Father of Plastic Surgery" for inventing and developing surgical procedures.
Sushruta considered surgery the first and foremost branch of medicine and stated that surgery has the superior advantage of producing instantaneous effects by means of surgical instruments and appliances and hence is the highest in value of all the medical tantras.
History of surgery :
🔎19th Century :
Based on historical records, many regard the 19th century as the "birth of surgery" as we know it. It was a century marked by many "firsts," the discoveries of which enabled many of the surgical procedures still in use today. Among some of the landmarks of the era:
🧿 1843: The first hysterectomy is performed in England.
🧿 1843: Ether is used for the first time as an anesthetic.
1885: The first successful appendectomy is performed in Iowa.
🧿 1895: The first X-ray is performed in Germany.
🧿 1896: First successful open-heart surgery is performed in Germany to repair a stab wound in the muscle of the right ventricle.
🔎20th Century :
In the 20th century, major advances in surgery not only made surgery safer and more effective but enabled the treatment of a wider range of medical conditions, including the transplantation of organs. Among some of the key moments:
🧿1905: The first successful cornea transplant is performed.
🧿1917: The first documented plastic surgery performed on a burned English sailor.
🧿1928: Antibiotics are discovered.
🧿1930: German has the first sex reassignment operation from male to female.
🧿1940: The first metal hip replacement surgery is performed.
🔎21st Century :
The words that arguably best describe surgery in the 21st century are "smaller" and "safer." Every year, innovations are introduced that allow surgeries that once required lengthy hospital stays to be done on an outpatient basis. Among some of the landmarks of the 21st century thus far:
🧿 2000: The da Vinci robotic surgical system is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the system of which is used for prostate surgery, coronary artery bypass, and other surgical procedures.
🧿 2007: The first natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is performed in which tools are inserted through the mouth, nose, and other orifices to perform surgery without external incisions.
🧿 2008: Connie Culp has the first near-total face transplant performed at the Cleveland Clinic.
🧿 2010: The world's first full-face transplant is performed in Spain.
🧿 2011: The first successful transplant of a synthetic tissue-engineered windpipe is performed. The procedure involved a synthetic scaffolding onto which the recipient's own stem cells were implanted to "grow" a new windpipe.
🧿 2013: The first successful nerve-transfer surgery is performed in St. Louis, Missouri, giving a paraplegic individual the ability to move their hands.
🧿 2014:The first penis transplant is performed at Tygerberg Hospital in South Africa.
🧿 2016: The first uterus transplant is performed, again at the Cleveland Clinic.
🔎 What is modern surgery?
In modern medicine, minimally invasive interventions have taken a leading position. In addition to laparoscopic abdominal and thoracic interventions, minimally invasive tactics are used in neurosurgery, spinal surgery, orthopedics, cardiovascular surgery, bariatrics, head and neck surgery, peripheral nerves, etc.
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